CLIBAC Chapter 2

question

Niche

answer

Habitat

question

normal flora

answer

Microorganisms from infancy that reside in or on the body without causing disease

question

symbiotic relationship

answer

Relationship of the microorganism with the host

question

Symbiosis

answer

the interaction of two organisms that live together

question

Symbionts

answer

Organims that live together

question

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

answer

the 3 Host-microbe relationship

question

Mutualism

answer

biological relationship between two or more organisms where both (host and organism) benefit from one another

question

Mutualism

answer

Relationship of clown fish and sea anemone

question

Lactobacilli

answer

an epithelial cell; gram-positive bacteria in the urogenital tract (vaginal canal) of women offer a mutual association

question

Lactobacilli

answer

uses glycogen in our vaginal epithelial cells producing lactic acid that will establish a pH of 4-5 that will prevent the growth of harmful bacteria

question

Candida albicans

answer

the harmful yeast in the vaginal canal

question

Mutualism

answer

The relationship of lactobacilli to the their host

question

Commensalism

answer

Relationship where the organism benefits but there is no beneficial or harmful effect to the host

question

Commensalism

answer

Relationship of cow and bird

question

Proteus mirabilis

answer

Most motile bacteria; is a commensal species in the gastrointestinal tract of humans but does not cause any harm

question

Parasitism

answer

most unfavorable, unhealthy relationship where the only one benefits and at the same time it causes harm, takes advantage

question

Parasitism

answer

Relationship of the Ectoparasite mosquito with the host

question

Entamoeba histolytica

answer

endoparasite; causative agent of amoebiasis which is a type of diarrhea is a pathogenic intestinal ameba that derives nutrients from the host at the expense of the host

question

Resident microbial flora

answer

microorganisms that inhabited since infancy days and they just live in our body since then

question

Transient microbial flora

answer

microorganisms that only pass by and they fail to establish, temporary residents

question

Carrier state

answer

The state wherein the carrier does not manifest symptoms from the pathogen but is very infectious

question

Acute and Chronic

answer

2 types of Carrier state

question

Acute

answer

Short term

question

Chronic

answer

Long term; resided for months and years

question

Salmonella

answer

A bacteria that hides in the gall bladder goes out through the stool every defecation

question

Inoculation of hands

answer

most transient, shortest carrier state

question

Carrier

answer

the person that harbors the organism

question

Propionibacterium acnes

answer

A bacteria that does not just reside on the epidermal layer but also reside underneath; causes acne

question

Bifidobacterium spp.

answer

Probiotic; found on breastmilk; good bacteria in our gastrointestinal tract

question

Facultative aerobes

answer

Bacteria that can strive with or without oxygen

question

Obligate anaerobes

answer

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

question

Fusobacterium

answer

Bacteria found in between your teeth; causative agent of dental caries or plaques

question

Viridans streptococci

answer

is the most predominant bacteria in our mouth

question

Diphtheroids

answer

club shaped bacteria that grown on moist areas not exposed to air such as the armpit, groin, and
perineum

question

Stomach acidty

answer

pH 1-2

question

Helicobacter pylori

answer

is the only bacteria that can survive stomach acid

question

Escherichia coli

answer

most predominant bacteria in our gastrointestinal tract; very common component of our stool

question

urinary tract infection (UTI)

answer

An infection caused when the bladder is not sterile

question

Urethra

answer

The only part of GUT that is not sterile

question

Bacteria

answer

Can cause infection when their niche is destroyed or they are transferred to a habitat they aren't residents of

question

Opportunistic infection

answer

infection caused by good bacteria or normal flora in the body

question

opportunistic pathogen

answer

a good bacterium that caused an infection

question

Normal flora (good bacteria)

answer

They constantly prime our immune system, activate our immune system. They also compete against bad bacteria.

question

bacteriosins

answer

Substance released by good bacteria that can kill other bacteria

question

disease

answer

Patho means

question

how is it developed

answer

Genesis means

question

Pathogenecity

answer

is the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a
susceptible individual; ability to cause disease

question

2 types of pathogens

answer

true pathogens and opportunistic pathogens

question

True or Frank pathogens

answer

are organisms recognized to cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals

question

Opportunistic pathogen

answer

only cause infection to the immunocompromised individuals like a normal flora that takes advantage whenever the immune system is weak

question

Bacillus anthracis

answer

not a normal flora that causes anthrax; used as a bioterrorism agent

question

Iatrogenic infection

answer

Infection that occurs as a result of medical treatments or procedures; catheterization

question

nosocomial infection

answer

hospital acquired infection; hospital acquired pneumonia

question

Virulence

answer

is the relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity

question

Virulence

answer

It is usually measured by the numbers of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host

question

The 4 Microbial Virulence factors

answer

1. Inhibition of phagocytosis
2. facilitate adhesion to host cells or tissues
3. enhancing intracellular survival after phagocytosis
4. production of toxins and extracellular enzymes.

question

Invasion

answer

ability to penetrate deeper tissues

question

Dissemination

answer

ability to spread to other different sites

question

Capsules

answer

allow the bacteria to resist phagocytosis; is a colorless, halo-like structure; colonies are moist

question

Protein A

answer

only exclusive to Staph. Aureus can resist phagocytosis through that reverses the antibody,

question

Hemolysins

answer

substances or toxins by streptococci lyse red blood cells and induce toxic effects on white blood cells and macrophages, including phagocytes

question

complete hemolysis (beta hemolysis)

answer

clearing of rbcs around the colonies

question

Leukocidins

answer

that cause lysosomal discharge into cell cytoplasm.

question

Panthon-Valentine

answer

Staphylococcal leukocidin by S. aureus that causes death of wbc by causing lysosomal discharges

question

Adhesins

answer

cell surface structures that mediate attachment

question

3 Host factors work to prevent proliferation of bacteria

answer

1. Secretory antibody (Immunoglobulin A - IgA)
2. Lactoferrin
3. Lysozyme

question

Lactoferrin

answer

a substance in the plasma that can bind into iron; competes for the iron

question

Lysozyme

answer

to kill peptidoglycan layer; found in body fluid

question

Toxin

answer

poisonous substance that can interact with host cells disrupting normal metabolism that can cause harm

question

Exotoxin

answer

are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and are secreted by the
organism into the extracellular environment

question

Endotoxin

answer

are a constituent, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria alone/exclusively

question

6 Host Resistance Factors

answer

Physical barrier, cleansing mechanism, antimicrobial substances, indigenous microbial flora, phagocytosis, inflammation, immune responses

question

B-lysins

answer

antimicrobial substance produced by platelets during coagulation

question

Interferon

answer

interferes during viral replication

question

Indigenous microbial flora

answer

they protect the body by competing for space and nutrients; produces bacteriosins

question

4 stages of Phagocytosis

answer

CAEK - chemotaxis, Attachment, Engulfment, Killing

question

Chemotaxis

answer

directed movement of WBCs; led to where there is bacteria proliferation

question

Neutrophil

answer

First phagocyte to arrive on Chemotaxis

question

Attachment

answer

opsonization, coating of the bacteria

question

Engulfment (Ingestion)

answer

once ingested a vacuole will be formed

question

Killing

answer

fusion of phagosome with the lysosome=phagolysozome, that will digest the bacteria

question

Inflammation

answer

reaction of the body against injury, heat, trauma, bacterial infection

question

2 types of immune system

answer

Natural immune system, Adaptive immune system

question

Humoral Immunity, Cell Immunity

answer

2 types of Immune Responses

question

Airborne transmission, Transmission by food and water, Close contacts, Cuts and bites, Arthropods, Zoonoses

answer

6 Routes of Transmission

1 of 85

question

Niche

answer

Habitat

question

normal flora

answer

Microorganisms from infancy that reside in or on the body without causing disease

question

symbiotic relationship

answer

Relationship of the microorganism with the host

question

Symbiosis

answer

the interaction of two organisms that live together

question

Symbionts

answer

Organims that live together

question

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

answer

the 3 Host-microbe relationship

question

Mutualism

answer

biological relationship between two or more organisms where both (host and organism) benefit from one another

question

Mutualism

answer

Relationship of clown fish and sea anemone

question

Lactobacilli

answer

an epithelial cell; gram-positive bacteria in the urogenital tract (vaginal canal) of women offer a mutual association

question

Lactobacilli

answer

uses glycogen in our vaginal epithelial cells producing lactic acid that will establish a pH of 4-5 that will prevent the growth of harmful bacteria

question

Candida albicans

answer

the harmful yeast in the vaginal canal

question

Mutualism

answer

The relationship of lactobacilli to the their host

question

Commensalism

answer

Relationship where the organism benefits but there is no beneficial or harmful effect to the host

question

Commensalism

answer

Relationship of cow and bird

question

Proteus mirabilis

answer

Most motile bacteria; is a commensal species in the gastrointestinal tract of humans but does not cause any harm

question

Parasitism

answer

most unfavorable, unhealthy relationship where the only one benefits and at the same time it causes harm, takes advantage

question

Parasitism

answer

Relationship of the Ectoparasite mosquito with the host

question

Entamoeba histolytica

answer

endoparasite; causative agent of amoebiasis which is a type of diarrhea is a pathogenic intestinal ameba that derives nutrients from the host at the expense of the host

question

Resident microbial flora

answer

microorganisms that inhabited since infancy days and they just live in our body since then

question

Transient microbial flora

answer

microorganisms that only pass by and they fail to establish, temporary residents

question

Carrier state

answer

The state wherein the carrier does not manifest symptoms from the pathogen but is very infectious

question

Acute and Chronic

answer

2 types of Carrier state

question

Acute

answer

Short term

question

Chronic

answer

Long term; resided for months and years

question

Salmonella

answer

A bacteria that hides in the gall bladder goes out through the stool every defecation

question

Inoculation of hands

answer

most transient, shortest carrier state

question

Carrier

answer

the person that harbors the organism

question

Propionibacterium acnes

answer

A bacteria that does not just reside on the epidermal layer but also reside underneath; causes acne

question

Bifidobacterium spp.

answer

Probiotic; found on breastmilk; good bacteria in our gastrointestinal tract

question

Facultative aerobes

answer

Bacteria that can strive with or without oxygen

question

Obligate anaerobes

answer

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

question

Fusobacterium

answer

Bacteria found in between your teeth; causative agent of dental caries or plaques

question

Viridans streptococci

answer

is the most predominant bacteria in our mouth

question

Diphtheroids

answer

club shaped bacteria that grown on moist areas not exposed to air such as the armpit, groin, and
perineum

question

Stomach acidty

answer

pH 1-2

question

Helicobacter pylori

answer

is the only bacteria that can survive stomach acid

question

Escherichia coli

answer

most predominant bacteria in our gastrointestinal tract; very common component of our stool

question

urinary tract infection (UTI)

answer

An infection caused when the bladder is not sterile

question

Urethra

answer

The only part of GUT that is not sterile

question

Bacteria

answer

Can cause infection when their niche is destroyed or they are transferred to a habitat they aren't residents of

question

Opportunistic infection

answer

infection caused by good bacteria or normal flora in the body

question

opportunistic pathogen

answer

a good bacterium that caused an infection

question

Normal flora (good bacteria)

answer

They constantly prime our immune system, activate our immune system. They also compete against bad bacteria.

question

bacteriosins

answer

Substance released by good bacteria that can kill other bacteria

question

disease

answer

Patho means

question

how is it developed

answer

Genesis means

question

Pathogenecity

answer

is the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a
susceptible individual; ability to cause disease

question

2 types of pathogens

answer

true pathogens and opportunistic pathogens

question

True or Frank pathogens

answer

are organisms recognized to cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals

question

Opportunistic pathogen

answer

only cause infection to the immunocompromised individuals like a normal flora that takes advantage whenever the immune system is weak

question

Bacillus anthracis

answer

not a normal flora that causes anthrax; used as a bioterrorism agent

question

Iatrogenic infection

answer

Infection that occurs as a result of medical treatments or procedures; catheterization

question

nosocomial infection

answer

hospital acquired infection; hospital acquired pneumonia

question

Virulence

answer

is the relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity

question

Virulence

answer

It is usually measured by the numbers of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host

question

The 4 Microbial Virulence factors

answer

1. Inhibition of phagocytosis
2. facilitate adhesion to host cells or tissues
3. enhancing intracellular survival after phagocytosis
4. production of toxins and extracellular enzymes.

question

Invasion

answer

ability to penetrate deeper tissues

question

Dissemination

answer

ability to spread to other different sites

question

Capsules

answer

allow the bacteria to resist phagocytosis; is a colorless, halo-like structure; colonies are moist

question

Protein A

answer

only exclusive to Staph. Aureus can resist phagocytosis through that reverses the antibody,

question

Hemolysins

answer

substances or toxins by streptococci lyse red blood cells and induce toxic effects on white blood cells and macrophages, including phagocytes

question

complete hemolysis (beta hemolysis)

answer

clearing of rbcs around the colonies

question

Leukocidins

answer

that cause lysosomal discharge into cell cytoplasm.

question

Panthon-Valentine

answer

Staphylococcal leukocidin by S. aureus that causes death of wbc by causing lysosomal discharges

question

Adhesins

answer

cell surface structures that mediate attachment

question

3 Host factors work to prevent proliferation of bacteria

answer

1. Secretory antibody (Immunoglobulin A - IgA)
2. Lactoferrin
3. Lysozyme

question

Lactoferrin

answer

a substance in the plasma that can bind into iron; competes for the iron

question

Lysozyme

answer

to kill peptidoglycan layer; found in body fluid

question

Toxin

answer

poisonous substance that can interact with host cells disrupting normal metabolism that can cause harm

question

Exotoxin

answer

are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and are secreted by the
organism into the extracellular environment

question

Endotoxin

answer

are a constituent, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria alone/exclusively

question

6 Host Resistance Factors

answer

Physical barrier, cleansing mechanism, antimicrobial substances, indigenous microbial flora, phagocytosis, inflammation, immune responses

question

B-lysins

answer

antimicrobial substance produced by platelets during coagulation

question

Interferon

answer

interferes during viral replication

question

Indigenous microbial flora

answer

they protect the body by competing for space and nutrients; produces bacteriosins

question

4 stages of Phagocytosis

answer

CAEK - chemotaxis, Attachment, Engulfment, Killing

question

Chemotaxis

answer

directed movement of WBCs; led to where there is bacteria proliferation

question

Neutrophil

answer

First phagocyte to arrive on Chemotaxis

question

Attachment

answer

opsonization, coating of the bacteria

question

Engulfment (Ingestion)

answer

once ingested a vacuole will be formed

question

Killing

answer

fusion of phagosome with the lysosome=phagolysozome, that will digest the bacteria

question

Inflammation

answer

reaction of the body against injury, heat, trauma, bacterial infection

question

2 types of immune system

answer

Natural immune system, Adaptive immune system

question

Humoral Immunity, Cell Immunity

answer

2 types of Immune Responses

question

Airborne transmission, Transmission by food and water, Close contacts, Cuts and bites, Arthropods, Zoonoses

answer

6 Routes of Transmission

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CLIBAC Chapter 2

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