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Cultural Anthropology: The Culture Concept

question
Armchair Anthropology
answer
An early and discredited method of anthropological research that did not involve direct contact with the people studied
question
Cultural Determinism
answer
The idea that behavioral differences are a result of cultural not racial or genetic causes
question
Cultural Evolutionisn
answer
A theory popular in nineteenth-century anthropology suggesting that societies evolved through stages from simple to advanced. This theory was later shown to be incorrect.
question
Cultural Relativism
answer
The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their own culture and not our own
question
Enculturation
answer
The process of learning the characteristics and expectations and not our own
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
The tendency to view one's own culture as most important and correct and as the stick by which to measure all other cultures
question
Functionalism
answer
An approach to anthropology developed in British anthropology that emphasized the way that parts of a society work together to support the functioning of the whole
question
Going Native
answer
Becoming fully integrated into a cultural group through acts such as taking a leadership position, assuming key roles in society, entering into marriage, or other behaviors that incorporate an anthropologist into the society he or she is studying
question
Holism
answer
Taking a broad view of the historical, environmental, and cultural foundation of behaviors
question
Kinship
answer
Blood ties, common ancestry, and social relationships that form families within human groups
question
Participant Observation
answer
A type of observation in which the anthropologist observes while participating in the same activities in which his or her informants are engaged
question
Salvage Anthropology
answer
Activities such as gathering artifacts, or recording cultural rituals with the belief that a culture is about to disappear
question
Structuralism
answer
An approach to anthropology that focuses on the ways in the customs, or social institutions in a culture contribute to the organization of society and the maintenance of social order
question
The Other
answer
A term that has been used to describe people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are "different" from one's own
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Culture (Sir E. B. Taylor's Definition)
answer
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
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Culture (Clifford Geertz's Defintion)
answer
"An historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, participate, and develop their knowledge about and their attitude toward life."
question
Anthropology
answer
Means "the study of humankind"
question
Anthropology is...
answer
a holistic science
question
What do anthropologists do?
answer
Anthropologists look at the whole of what it means to be human
question
Physical or Biological Anthropologists
answer
Study of human biology within the framework of genetic changes in population over time (or evolution)
question
Archaeologists
answer
Find and recover material remains of past cultures
question
Ethno-historian
answer
They ask living people about what is known in the present about people's pasts. They work to find written records and historical accounts.
question
Linguistic Anthropology
answer
The study of human speech and language
question
Cultural Anthropology
answer
The "description and explanation of the similarities and differences in thought and behavior among groups of humans"
question
Culture is Shared
answer
Expectations and boundaries
Rituals
"Mainstream" culture (in the United States)
Mainstream culture is chared in different degrees
Cultural Norms
question
Anthropologists generally understand that...
answer
1) Ethnocentrism and racism are wrong
2) Cultural, linguistic, religious, and other kinds of diversities are good
3) Societies and ethnic groups have the right of self-determination of ownership of their cultural heritage and property, and of instruction of their own children
question
The moderate doctrine of cultural relativism:
answer
-Avoid ethnocentrism
-Judge or analyze a group only in the context of their own history and culture, not yours
-Avoid comparing cultures to each other. You can't demonstrate that "people in Japan are more polite than people in Hong Kong" because politeness is not comparable between the two cultures. Each has its own kind of politeness
question
Culture is the...
answer
acquired knowledge people use to interpret their world and generate social behavior
question
Cultural anthropology look at people as part of...
answer
groups. Cultural anthropology has always been looked at and compared cultures.
question
Biology influences culture...
answer
culture influences biology
question
James Frazer
answer
Well known for his 1890 work The Golden Bough: A Study of Comparative Religions - was later changed to A Study in Magic and Religion
question
The Golden Bough: A Study of Comparative Religions (A Study in Magic and Religion was one of the first books...
answer
to describe and record magical and religious beliefs of different cultural groups around the world
question
Frazer relied on...
answer
the accounts of others who had traveled to formulate his study
question
Sir E. B. Taylor
answer
1871 work Primitive Culture was written without the use of field work
question
Taylor went on to become...
answer
the first professor of anthropology at Oxford University in 1896
question
Taylor's definition of culture...
answer
was influenced by the popular theories and philosophies of his time
question
Bronislaw Malinowski
answer
Used more innovative ethnological techniques and his fieldwork took him off the veranda to study different cultures
question
Malinowski was greatly influenced by...
answer
James Frazer
question
The Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) was considered...
answer
the first modern ethnography and redefined the approach to fieldwork
question
Malinowski lived with and observed...
answer
the Trabraid Islanders
question
Malinowski was able to learn...
answer
about their social life, food and shelter, sexual behaviors, community economics, patterns of kinship, and family
question
What did Malinowski do that blurred the lines on both sides of the relationship between the researcher and those being studies?
answer
Going native
question
Malinowski suggested that other anthropologists should...
answer
"grasp the native's point of view, his relations to life, to realize his version of the world."
1 of 43
question
Armchair Anthropology
answer
An early and discredited method of anthropological research that did not involve direct contact with the people studied
question
Cultural Determinism
answer
The idea that behavioral differences are a result of cultural not racial or genetic causes
question
Cultural Evolutionisn
answer
A theory popular in nineteenth-century anthropology suggesting that societies evolved through stages from simple to advanced. This theory was later shown to be incorrect.
question
Cultural Relativism
answer
The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their own culture and not our own
question
Enculturation
answer
The process of learning the characteristics and expectations and not our own
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
The tendency to view one's own culture as most important and correct and as the stick by which to measure all other cultures
question
Functionalism
answer
An approach to anthropology developed in British anthropology that emphasized the way that parts of a society work together to support the functioning of the whole
question
Going Native
answer
Becoming fully integrated into a cultural group through acts such as taking a leadership position, assuming key roles in society, entering into marriage, or other behaviors that incorporate an anthropologist into the society he or she is studying
question
Holism
answer
Taking a broad view of the historical, environmental, and cultural foundation of behaviors
question
Kinship
answer
Blood ties, common ancestry, and social relationships that form families within human groups
question
Participant Observation
answer
A type of observation in which the anthropologist observes while participating in the same activities in which his or her informants are engaged
question
Salvage Anthropology
answer
Activities such as gathering artifacts, or recording cultural rituals with the belief that a culture is about to disappear
question
Structuralism
answer
An approach to anthropology that focuses on the ways in the customs, or social institutions in a culture contribute to the organization of society and the maintenance of social order
question
The Other
answer
A term that has been used to describe people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are "different" from one's own
question
Culture (Sir E. B. Taylor's Definition)
answer
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
question
Culture (Clifford Geertz's Defintion)
answer
"An historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, participate, and develop their knowledge about and their attitude toward life."
question
Anthropology
answer
Means "the study of humankind"
question
Anthropology is...
answer
a holistic science
question
What do anthropologists do?
answer
Anthropologists look at the whole of what it means to be human
question
Physical or Biological Anthropologists
answer
Study of human biology within the framework of genetic changes in population over time (or evolution)
question
Archaeologists
answer
Find and recover material remains of past cultures
question
Ethno-historian
answer
They ask living people about what is known in the present about people's pasts. They work to find written records and historical accounts.
question
Linguistic Anthropology
answer
The study of human speech and language
question
Cultural Anthropology
answer
The "description and explanation of the similarities and differences in thought and behavior among groups of humans"
question
Culture is Shared
answer
Expectations and boundaries
Rituals
"Mainstream" culture (in the United States)
Mainstream culture is chared in different degrees
Cultural Norms
question
Anthropologists generally understand that...
answer
1) Ethnocentrism and racism are wrong
2) Cultural, linguistic, religious, and other kinds of diversities are good
3) Societies and ethnic groups have the right of self-determination of ownership of their cultural heritage and property, and of instruction of their own children
question
The moderate doctrine of cultural relativism:
answer
-Avoid ethnocentrism
-Judge or analyze a group only in the context of their own history and culture, not yours
-Avoid comparing cultures to each other. You can't demonstrate that "people in Japan are more polite than people in Hong Kong" because politeness is not comparable between the two cultures. Each has its own kind of politeness
question
Culture is the...
answer
acquired knowledge people use to interpret their world and generate social behavior
question
Cultural anthropology look at people as part of...
answer
groups. Cultural anthropology has always been looked at and compared cultures.
question
Biology influences culture...
answer
culture influences biology
question
James Frazer
answer
Well known for his 1890 work The Golden Bough: A Study of Comparative Religions - was later changed to A Study in Magic and Religion
question
The Golden Bough: A Study of Comparative Religions (A Study in Magic and Religion was one of the first books...
answer
to describe and record magical and religious beliefs of different cultural groups around the world
question
Frazer relied on...
answer
the accounts of others who had traveled to formulate his study
question
Sir E. B. Taylor
answer
1871 work Primitive Culture was written without the use of field work
question
Taylor went on to become...
answer
the first professor of anthropology at Oxford University in 1896
question
Taylor's definition of culture...
answer
was influenced by the popular theories and philosophies of his time
question
Bronislaw Malinowski
answer
Used more innovative ethnological techniques and his fieldwork took him off the veranda to study different cultures
question
Malinowski was greatly influenced by...
answer
James Frazer
question
The Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) was considered...
answer
the first modern ethnography and redefined the approach to fieldwork
question
Malinowski lived with and observed...
answer
the Trabraid Islanders
question
Malinowski was able to learn...
answer
about their social life, food and shelter, sexual behaviors, community economics, patterns of kinship, and family
question
What did Malinowski do that blurred the lines on both sides of the relationship between the researcher and those being studies?
answer
Going native
question
Malinowski suggested that other anthropologists should...
answer
"grasp the native's point of view, his relations to life, to realize his version of the world."
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