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Health Psychology: SES and Racial/Ethnic Disparaties

question
What is culture?
answer
the word used to describe different social groups and can be based on:
skin color
ethnic background
language
customs and traditions
SES/Social class/Income
question
Why do health psychologists care about culture?
answer
- there are group differences in mental and physical health based on culture which are called health disparities
question
Health equity
answer
-A principle of reducing and ultimately, eliminating-health disparities and its social determinants
- eliminating health disparities is the way we measure our progress towards health equity
question
What can health disparities include?
answer
socioeconomic
race/ethnicity
gender
sexual orientation
disability
geography
question
which of the following is a health disparity?
A. Worse health among adults compared to younger adults
B. More injuries among soccer players compared to the general populations
C. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are more likely to have BCRA1 & BRA2 genetic mutations than the general US population
D. Low-income population have less access to healthcare than high-income populations
answer
A. Worse health among adults compared to younger adults
B. More injuries among soccer players compared to the general populations
C. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are more likely to have BCRA1 & BRA2 genetic mutations than the general US population
D. Low-income population have less access to healthcare than high-income populations
question
Health disparities...
answer
-It is not a difference in physical health or health behaviors
-Does not include health issues that are the result of natural causes (e.g., age, time, genes)
-It is difference in health that are attributed to a socioenvironmental cause or rooted in forms of social disadvantage
question
What are health disparities
answer
-Differences in access to resources
For ex: Healthcare (i.e. physical access, mistreatment/bias), Educational resources( an increase years of education= better health behaviors), physical and social conditions that promote health in one's communities
question
Social Ecological Model
answer
larger (i.e., culture, environment) and smaller systems (i.e., communities, individuals) exert mutual influence on each other
- health disparities do not exist in a vacuum
-do not fall prey to the ecological fallacy
question
Measures of SES
answer
income, education, prestige of occupation, zip code, weath (income + assets), subjective social status
question
Uk study
answer
Blue-collar jobs have highest mortality rate despite there being universal healthcare
question
studies
answer
Life expectancy + U.S. varies by income
child health caries by family income
question
allostatic load
answer
the cumulative biological wear and tear in response to repeated efforts to cope with stress
more allostatic load is bad
a rubber band which is constantly pulled + tension occurs
question
Racial/ethnic health disparities
answer
social construction of groups based on observable phenotypic characteristics (e.g., Skin color, hair texture, facial features)
question
infant mortality rate
answer
rates at which <1 year old babies die
considered the gold standard indicator of the health and wellbeing of a society
question
racial/ethnic disparities
answer
Less Healthy
-African Americans
-Native Americans and Alaska Natives
-Some Latinx groups e.g., Dominicans, Puerto Ricans
-Some Pacific Islander subgroups e.g. Chamorro, Hawaiians
More Healthy
-Some Asian subgroups e.g., Chinese, Japanse
-Caucasians
-Some Latinx subgroups e.g., Cubans, Mexicans
question
Racial/Ethnic Disparities
answer
Issue #1: Categories are broad and heterogenous
e.g., Latinx includes Dominicans and Mexicans
These arbitrary categorization obscures true differences in health
Issue #2: Some differences are due to confounds
- Preferential differences in treatment
-Associations with SES are mixed
Issue #3: Individuals differ in the degree of exposure to and identification with mainstream American culture
Could it be preferential treatment?
Could it be a language barrier?
Could it be SES?
question
Acculturation
answer
It's a process of cultural exchange resulting from intercultural contact
Acculturative stress: The psychological and social demand of negotiating multiple cultural idenitities
1 of 17
question
What is culture?
answer
the word used to describe different social groups and can be based on:
skin color
ethnic background
language
customs and traditions
SES/Social class/Income
question
Why do health psychologists care about culture?
answer
- there are group differences in mental and physical health based on culture which are called health disparities
question
Health equity
answer
-A principle of reducing and ultimately, eliminating-health disparities and its social determinants
- eliminating health disparities is the way we measure our progress towards health equity
question
What can health disparities include?
answer
socioeconomic
race/ethnicity
gender
sexual orientation
disability
geography
question
which of the following is a health disparity?
A. Worse health among adults compared to younger adults
B. More injuries among soccer players compared to the general populations
C. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are more likely to have BCRA1 & BRA2 genetic mutations than the general US population
D. Low-income population have less access to healthcare than high-income populations
answer
A. Worse health among adults compared to younger adults
B. More injuries among soccer players compared to the general populations
C. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are more likely to have BCRA1 & BRA2 genetic mutations than the general US population
D. Low-income population have less access to healthcare than high-income populations
question
Health disparities...
answer
-It is not a difference in physical health or health behaviors
-Does not include health issues that are the result of natural causes (e.g., age, time, genes)
-It is difference in health that are attributed to a socioenvironmental cause or rooted in forms of social disadvantage
question
What are health disparities
answer
-Differences in access to resources
For ex: Healthcare (i.e. physical access, mistreatment/bias), Educational resources( an increase years of education= better health behaviors), physical and social conditions that promote health in one's communities
question
Social Ecological Model
answer
larger (i.e., culture, environment) and smaller systems (i.e., communities, individuals) exert mutual influence on each other
- health disparities do not exist in a vacuum
-do not fall prey to the ecological fallacy
question
Measures of SES
answer
income, education, prestige of occupation, zip code, weath (income + assets), subjective social status
question
Uk study
answer
Blue-collar jobs have highest mortality rate despite there being universal healthcare
question
studies
answer
Life expectancy + U.S. varies by income
child health caries by family income
question
allostatic load
answer
the cumulative biological wear and tear in response to repeated efforts to cope with stress
more allostatic load is bad
a rubber band which is constantly pulled + tension occurs
question
Racial/ethnic health disparities
answer
social construction of groups based on observable phenotypic characteristics (e.g., Skin color, hair texture, facial features)
question
infant mortality rate
answer
rates at which <1 year old babies die
considered the gold standard indicator of the health and wellbeing of a society
question
racial/ethnic disparities
answer
Less Healthy
-African Americans
-Native Americans and Alaska Natives
-Some Latinx groups e.g., Dominicans, Puerto Ricans
-Some Pacific Islander subgroups e.g. Chamorro, Hawaiians
More Healthy
-Some Asian subgroups e.g., Chinese, Japanse
-Caucasians
-Some Latinx subgroups e.g., Cubans, Mexicans
question
Racial/Ethnic Disparities
answer
Issue #1: Categories are broad and heterogenous
e.g., Latinx includes Dominicans and Mexicans
These arbitrary categorization obscures true differences in health
Issue #2: Some differences are due to confounds
- Preferential differences in treatment
-Associations with SES are mixed
Issue #3: Individuals differ in the degree of exposure to and identification with mainstream American culture
Could it be preferential treatment?
Could it be a language barrier?
Could it be SES?
question
Acculturation
answer
It's a process of cultural exchange resulting from intercultural contact
Acculturative stress: The psychological and social demand of negotiating multiple cultural idenitities
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