Presentation for chapter 11: Depreciation, impairment and depletion

Greetings, I need a presentation of my course financial accounting only for chapter 11: Depreciation, impairments and depletion

You can use the attached chapter 11, and you can choose any of the topics ( Depreciation, impairments, or depletion)

Please the slide should be 12 slides including everything (explanation and add 2 – 3 exercises), also add the speaker notes in each slides

11-1
CHAPTER
11
DEPRECIATION, IMPAIRMENTS,
DEPLETION
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
11-2
AND
Learning Objectives
1.
Explain the concept of depreciation.
2.
Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
3.
Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishing-charge methods of
depreciation.
4.
Explain component depreciation.
5.
Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
6.
Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral
resources.
7.
Explain the accounting for revaluations.
8.
Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and
mineral resources.
11-3
Depreciation, Impairments, and Depletion
Impairments
Depletion
Revaluations
Presentation
and Analysis
Factors
involved
Recognizing
impairments
Establishing a
base
Recognition
Presentation
Issues
Analysis
Methods of
depreciation
Impairment
illustrations
Write-off of
resource cost
Component
depreciation
Reversal of
loss
Estimating
reserves
Special issues
Cashgenerating
units
Liquidating
dividends
Depreciation
Assets to be
disposed of
11-4
Presentation
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Depreciation is the accounting process of allocating the
cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and
rational manner to those periods expected to benefit
from the use of the asset.
Allocating costs of long-term assets:
Long-lived assets = Depreciation expense
Intangibles = Amortization expense
Mineral resources = Depletion expense
11-5
LO 1 Explain the concept of depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process
Three basic questions:
(1) What depreciable base is to be used?
(2) What is the asset’s useful life?
(3) What method of cost apportionment is best?
11-6
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process
Depreciable Base
Illustration 11-1
11-7
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process
Estimation of Service Lifes

Service life often differs from physical life.

Companies retire assets for two reasons:
1. Physical factors (casualty or expiration of
physical life)
2. Economic factors (inadequacy, supersession,
and obsolescence).
11-8
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Methods of Depreciation
The profession requires the method employed be
“systematic and rational.” Examples include:
(1) Activity method (units of use or production).
(2) Straight-line method.
(3) Diminishing (accelerated)-charge methods:
a) Sum-of-the-years’-digits.
b) Declining-balance method.
11-9
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishingcharge methods of depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Activity Method
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal
Mines Facts
Illustration: If Stanley uses the crane for 4,000 hours the first
year, the depreciation charge is:
Illustration 11-3
11-10
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Straight-Line Method
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal
Mines Facts
Illustration: Stanley computes depreciation as follows:
Illustration 11-4
11-11
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Diminishing-Charge Methods
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal
Mines Facts
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits. Each fraction uses the sum of the
years as a denominator (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15). The
numerator is the number of years of estimated life remaining
as of the beginning of the year.
11-12
Alternate sum-of-theyears’ calculation
n(n+1)
2
=
5(5+1)
2
= 15
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits
Illustration 11-6
11-13
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishingcharge methods of depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Diminishing-Charge Methods
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal
Mines Facts
Declining-Balance Method.
►
Utilizes a depreciation rate (%) that is some multiple of
the straight-line method.
►
Does not deduct the residual value in computing the
depreciation base.
11-14
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Declining-Balance Method
Illustration 11-7
11-15
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishingcharge methods of depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Component Depreciation
IFRS requires that each part of an item of property, plant,
and equipment that is significant to the total cost of the
asset must be depreciated separately.
11-16
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Component Depreciation
Illustration: EuroAsia Airlines purchases an airplane for
€100,000,000 on January 1, 2011. The airplane has a useful
life of 20 years and a residual value of €0. EuroAsia uses the
straight-line method of depreciation for all its airplanes.
EuroAsia identifies the following components, amounts, and
useful lives.
Illustration 11-8
11-17
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Computation of depreciation expense for EuroAsia for 2011.
Illustration 11-9
Depreciation journal entry for 2011.
Depreciation Expense
8,600,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Airplane
11-18
8,600,000
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Special Depreciation Issues
(1) How should companies compute depreciation for
partial periods?
(2) Does depreciation provide for the replacement of
assets?
(3) How should companies handle revisions in
depreciation rates?
11-19
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
E11-5 (Depreciation Computations—Four Methods): Maserati
Corporation purchased a new machine for its assembly process on
August 1, 2010. The cost of this machine was €150,000. The
company estimated that the machine would have a salvage value of
€24,000 at the end of its service life. Its life is estimated
at 5 years and its working hours are estimated at 21,000 hours. Yearend is December 31.
Instructions: Compute the depreciation expense for 2010 under the
following methods.
(a) Straight-line depreciation.
(c) Sum-of-the-years’-digits.
(b) Activity method
(d) Double-declining balance.
11-20
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishingcharge methods of depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Straight-line Method
Annual
Expense
Accum.
Deprec.
$ 10,500
$ 10,500
Year
Depreciable
Base
2010
$ 126,000
/
5
=
$ 25,200
2011
126,000
/
5
=
25,200
25,200
35,700
2012
126,000
/
5
=
25,200
25,200
60,900
2013
126,000
/
5
=
25,200
25,200
86,100
2014
126,000
/
5
=
25,200
25,200
111,300
2015
126,000
/
5
=
25,200
14,700
126,000
Years
Partial
Year
Current
Year
Expense
x
x
5/12
7/12
=
=
$ 126,000
Journal entry:
2010
Depreciation expense
10,500
Accumultated depreciation
11-21
10,500
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishingcharge methods of depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Activity Method
(Assume 800 hours used in 2010)
($126,000 / 21,000 hours = $6 per hour)
Year
(Given)
Hours
Used
2010
800
Rate per
Hours
x
$6
Annual
Expense
=
2011
x
=
2012
x
=
2013
x
=
2014
x
=
$
Partial
Year
4,800
800
Current
Year
Expense
Accum.
Deprec.
$
4,800
$ 4,800
$
4,800
Journal entry:
2010
Depreciation expense
Accumultated depreciation
11-22
4,800
4,800
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
5/12 = .416667
7/12 = .583333
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Method
Current
Year
Depreciable
Base
2010
$ 126,000
x
2011
126,000
2012
Annual
Expense
Years
5/15
Year
Expense
Accum.
Deprec.
5/12
$ 17,500
$ 17,500
=
42,000
x
4.58/15 =
38,500
38,500
56,000
126,000
x
3.58/15 =
30,100
30,100
86,100
2013
126,000
x
2.58/15 =
21,700
21,700
107,800
2014
126,000
x
1.58/15 =
13,300
13,300
121,100
2015
126,000
x
.58/15
4,900
4,900
126,000
=
x
Partial
Year
$ 126,000
Journal entry:
2010
11-23
Depreciation expense
Accumultated depreciation
17,500
17,500
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Double-Declining Balance Method
Rate
per Year
Annual
Expense
Partial
Year
Current
Year
Expense
5/12
= $ 25,000
Year
Depreciable
Base
2010
$ 150,000 x
40%
=
$ 60,000 x
2011
125,000 x
40%
=
50,000
50,000
2012
75,000 x
40%
=
30,000
30,000
2013
45,000 x
40%
=
18,000
18,000
2014
27,000 x
40%
=
10,800
Plug
3,000
$ 126,000
Journal entry:
2010
Depreciation expense
Accumultated depreciation
11-24
25,000
25,000
LO 3
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Depreciation and Replacement of PP&E
Depreciation
►
Does not involve a current cash outflow.
►
Funds for the replacement of the assets come from
the revenues.
11-25
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Depreciation – Method of Cost Allocation
Revision of Depreciation Rates
11-26

Accounted for in the current and prospective periods.

Not handled retrospectively

Not considered errors or extraordinary items
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Change in Estimate Example
Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was
estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a residual value
of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been
recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), it
is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years
with a residual value of $5,000 at the end of that time.
Questions:
11-27

What is the journal entry to correct
the prior years’ depreciation?

Calculate the depreciation expense
for 2010.
No Entry
Required
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Change in Estimate Example
Equipment cost
Salvage value
Depreciable base
Useful life (original)
Annual depreciation
After 7 years
$510,000
First, establish NBV
– 10,000
at date of change in
estimate.
500,000
10 years
$ 50,000 x 7 years = $350,000
Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2009)
11-28
Equipment
Accumulated depreciation
$510,000
350,000
Net book value (NBV)
$160,000
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Change in Estimate Example
Net book value
Salvage value (new)
Depreciable base
Useful life remaining
Annual depreciation
$160,000
5,000
155,000
8 years
$ 19,375
After 7 years
Depreciation
Expense calculation
for 2010.
Journal entry for 2010
Depreciation expense
19,375
Accumulated depreciation
11-29
19,375
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
Impairments
Recognizing Impairments
A long-lived tangible asset is impaired when a company is not
able to recover the asset’s carrying amount either through
using it or by selling it.
On an annual basis, companies review the asset for indicators
of impairments—that is, a decline in the asset’s cash-
generating ability through use or sale.
11-30
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
Impairments
Recognizing Impairments
If impairment indicators are present, then an impairment test
must be conducted.
Illustration 11-15
11-31
LO 5
Impairments
Example: Assume that Cruz Company performs an impairment
test for its equipment. The carrying amount of Cruz’s equipment is
$200,000, its fair value less costs to sell is $180,000, and its
value-in-use is $205,000.
Illustration 11-15
$200,000
$205,000
No
Impairment
11-32
$180,000
$205,000
LO 5
Impairments
Example: Assume the same information for Cruz Company
except that the value-in-use of Cruz’s equipment is $175,000
rather than $205,000.
$20,000 Impairment Loss
Illustration 11-15
$200,000
11-33
$180,000
$180,000
$175,000
LO 5
Impairments
Example: Assume the same information for Cruz Company
except that the value-in-use of Cruz’s equipment is $175,000
rather than $205,000.
$20,000 Impairment Loss
Illustration 11-15
$200,000
$180,000
Cruz makes the following entry to record the impairment loss.
Loss on Impairment
20,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
11-34
20,000
LO 5
Impairments
Impairments Illustrations
Case 1
At December 31, 2011, Hanoi Company has equipment with a cost of
VND26,000,000, and accumulated depreciation of VND12,000,000. The
equipment has a total useful life of four years with a residual value of
VND2,000,000. The following information relates to this equipment.
1.
The equipment’s carrying amount at December 31, 2011, is
VND14,000,000 (VND26,000,000 VND12,000,000).
2.
Hanoi uses straight-line depreciation. Depreciation was VND6,000,000
for 2011 and is recorded.
3.
Hanoi has determined that the recoverable amount for this asset at
December 31, 2011, is VND11,000,000.
4.
11-35
The remaining useful life after December 31, 2011, is two years.
LO 5
Impairments
Case 1: Hanoi records the impairment on its equipment at
December 31, 2011, as follows.
VND3,000,000 Impairment Loss
Illustration 11-15
VND14,000,000
Loss on Impairment
VND11,000,000
3,000,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
11-36
3,000,000
LO 5
Impairments
Equipment
Less: Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment
Carrying value (Dec. 31, 2011)
VND 26,000,000
15,000,000
VND 11,000,000
Hanoi Company determines that the equipment’s total useful life has
not changed (remaining useful life is still two years). However, the
estimated residual value of the equipment is now zero. Hanoi
continues to use straight-line depreciation and makes the following
journal entry to record depreciation for 2012.
Depreciation Expense
5,500,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
11-37
5,500,000
LO 5
Impairments
Impairments Illustrations
Case 2
At the end of 2010, Verma Company tests a machine for impairment. The
machine has a carrying amount of $200,000. It has an estimated remaining
useful life of five years. Because there is little market-related information on
which to base a recoverable amount based on fair value, Verma determines
the machine’s recoverable amount should be based on value-in-use. Verma
uses a discount rate of 8 percent. Verma’s analysis indicates that its future
cash flows will be $40,000 each year for five years, and it will receive a
residual value of $10,000 at the end of the five years. It is assumed that all
cash flows occur at the end of the year.
Illustration 11-16
11-38
LO 5
Impairments
Case 2: Computation of the impairment loss on the machine at
the end of 2010.
$33,486 Impairment Loss
Illustration 11-15
$200,000
$166,514
Unknown
11-39
$166,514
LO 5
Impairments
Case 2: Computation of the impairment loss on the machine at
the end of 2010.
$33,486 Impairment Loss
Illustration 11-15
$200,000
$166,514
Loss on Impairment
33,486
Accumulated Depreciation—Machine
Unknown
11-40
33,486
$166,514
LO 5
Impairments
Reversal of Impairment Loss
Illustration: Tan Company purchases equipment on January 1, 2010,
for $300,000, useful life of three years, and no residual value.
At December 31, 2010, Tan records an impairment loss of $20,000.
Loss on Impairment
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
11-41
20,000
20,000
LO 5
Impairments
Reversal of Impairment Loss
Depreciation expense and related carrying amount after the
impairment.
At the end of 2011, Tan determines that the recoverable amount of the
equipment is $96,000. Tan reverses the impairment loss.
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
Recovery of Impairment Loss
11-42
6,000
6,000
LO 5
Impairments
Cash-Generating Units
When it is not possible to assess a single asset for impairment
because the single asset generates cash flows only in combination
with other assets, companies identify the smallest group of assets that
can be identified that generate cash flows independently of the cash
flows from other assets.
11-43
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
Impairments
Impairment of Assets to Be Disposed Of

Report the impaired asset at the lower-of-cost-or-net
realizable value (fair value less costs to sell).

No depreciation or amortization is taken on assets held for
disposal during the period they are held.

Can write up or down an asset held for disposal in future
periods, as long as the carrying amount after the write up
never exceeds the carrying amount of the asset before the
impairment.
11-44
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
Impairments
Illustration 11-18
Graphic of Accounting
for Impairments
11-45
LO 5
Depletion
Natural resources can be divided into two categories:
1. Biological assets (timberlands)
►
Fair value approach (chapter 9)
2. Mineral resources (oil, gas, and mineral mining).
►
Complete removal (consumption) of the asset.
►
Replacement of the asset only by an act of nature.
Depletion – process of allocating the cost of mineral resources.
11-46
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion
Establishing a Depletion Base
Computation of the depletion base involves:
(1) Pre-exploratory costs.
(2) Exploratory and evaluation costs.
(3) Development costs.
11-47
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion
Write-off of Resource Cost
Normally, companies compute depletion on a units-ofproduction method (activity approach). Depletion is a function
of the number of units extracted during the period.
Calculation:
Total cost – Residual value
Total estimated units available
Units extracted x Cost per unit
11-48
= Depletion cost per unit
= Depletion
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion
Illustration: MaClede Co. acquired the right to use 1,000
acres of land in South Africa to mine for silver. The lease cost
is $50,000, and the related exploration costs on the property
are $100,000. Intangible development costs incurred in
opening the mine are $850,000. MaClede estimates that the
mine will provide approximately 100,000 ounces of silver.
Illustration 11-18
11-49
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion
If MaClede extracts 25,000 ounces in the first year, then the
depletion for the year is $250,000 (25,000 ounces x $10).
Inventory
Accumulated Depletion
250,000
250,000
MaClede’s statement of financial position:
Depletion cost related to inventory sold is part of cost of goods sold.
11-50
LO 6
Depletion
Estimating Recoverable Reserves

Same as accounting for changes in estimates.

Revise the depletion rate on a prospective basis.

Divides the remaining cost by the new estimate of the
recoverable reserves.
11-51
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion
Liquidating Dividends – Dividends greater than the
amount of accumulated net income.
Illustration: Callahan Mining had a retained earnings balance
of £1,650,000, accumulated depletion on mineral properties of
£2,100,000, and share premium of £5,435,493. Callahan’s board
declared a dividend of £3 a share on the 1,000,000 shares
outstanding. It records the £3,000,000 cash dividend as follows.
Retained Earnings
1,650,000
Share Premium—Ordinary
1,350,000
Cash
11-52
3,000,000
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion
Presentation on the Financial Statements
Disclosures related to E&E expenditures should include:
1. Accounting policies for exploration and evaluation
expenditures, including the recognition of E&E assets.
2. Amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expense,
and operating cash flow arising from the exploration
for and evaluation of mineral resources.
11-53
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Revaluations
Recognizing Revaluations
Companies may value long-lived tangible asset after
acquisition at cost or fair value.
Network Rail (GBR) elected to use fair values to account for its
railroad network.
►
Increased long-lived tangible assets by £4,289 million.
►
Change in the fair value accounted for by adjusting the
asset account and establishing an unrealized gain.
►
11-54
Unrealized gain is often referred to as revaluation surplus.
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Revaluations
Revaluation—Land
Illustration: Siemens Group (DEU) purchased land for
€1,000,000 on January 5, 2010. The company elects to use
revaluation accounting for the land in subsequent periods. At
December 31, 2010, the land’s fair value is €1,200,000. The
entry to record the land at fair value is as follows.
Land
200,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation – Land
200,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Land increases other comprehensive
income in the statement of comprehensive income.
11-55
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Revaluations
Revaluation—Depreciable Assets
Illustration: Lenovo Group (CHN) purchases equipment for
¥500,000 on January 2, 2010. The equipment has a useful life
of five years, is depreciated using the straight-line method of
depreciation, and its residual value is zero. Lenovo chooses to
revalue its equipment to fair value over the life of the
equipment. Lenovo records depreciation expense of ¥100,000
(¥500,000 5) at December 31, 2010, as follows.
Depreciation Expense
100,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
11-56
100,000
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Revaluations
Revaluation—Depreciable Assets
After this entry, Lenovo’s equipment has a carrying amount of
¥400,000 (¥500,000 – ¥100,000). Lenovo receives an
independent appraisal for the fair value of equipment at
December 31, 2010, which is ¥460,000.
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment
11-57
100,000
Equipment
40,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Equipment
60,000
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Revaluations
Revaluation—Depreciable Assets
Illustration 11-22
Financial Statement
Presentation—Revaluations
Lenovo reports depreciation expense of ¥100,000. The Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income account related to revaluations cannot have a negative
balance.
11-58
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Revaluations
Revaluations Issues
Company can select to value only one class of assets, say buildings,
and not revalue other assets such as land or equipment.
Most companies do not use revaluation accounting.
11-59
►
Substantial and continuing costs associated with appraisals.
►
Gains associated with revaluations above historical cost are
not reported in net income but rather go directly to equity.
►
Losses associated with revaluation below historical cost
decrease net income. In addition, the higher depreciation
charges related to the revalued assets also reduce net
income.
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Presentation and Analysis
Presentation of Property, Plant, Equipment,
and Mineral Resources
Depreciating assets, use Accumulated Depreciation.
Depleting assets may include use of Accumulated Depletion
account, or the direct reduction of asset.
Disclosures
11-60
Basis of valuation (usually cost)
Pledges, liens, and other commitments
LO 8 Explain how to report and analyze property,
plant, equipment, and mineral resources.
Presentation and Analysis
Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Asset Turnover Ratio
Measure of a firm’s
ability to generate
sales from a particular
investment in assets.
Illustration 11-24
11-61
LO 8
Presentation and Analysis
Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Profit Margin on Sales
Measure of the ability to
generate operating
income from a particular
level of sales.
Illustration 11-25
11-62
LO 8
Presentation and Analysis
Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Rate of Return on Assets
Measures a firm’s
success in using assets
to generate earnings.
Illustration 11-26
11-63
LO 8
Presentation and Analysis
Analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by
disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and
asset turnover as follows:
Rate of Return
on Assets
=
Net Income
Profit Margin on
Sales
Net Income
11-64
Asset Turnover
Net Sales
x
=
Average Total Assets
x
Net Sales
Average Total Assets
LO 8 Explain how to report and analyze property,
plant, equipment, and mineral resources.
Presentation and Analysis
Analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by
disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and
asset turnover as follows:
Rate of Return
on Assets
=
€644
Profit Margin on
Sales
€644
(€9,533 €8,325) / 2
11-65
€10,799
(€9,533 €8,325) / 2
€10,799
=
Asset Turnover
x
=
7.2%
x
5.96%
x
1.21
LO 8 Explain how to report and analyze property,
plant, equipment, and mineral resources.
11-66

Under both iGAAP and U.S. GAAP, interest costs incurred during
construction must be capitalized.

The accounting for exchanges of non-monetary assets has recently
converged between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. U.S. GAAP now requires that
gains on exchanges of non-monetary assets be recognized if the
exchange has commercial substance. This is the same framework used
in IFRS.

U.S. GAAP also views depreciation as allocation of cost over an asset’s
life. U.S. GAAP permits the same depreciation methods (straight-line,
diminishing-balance, units-of-production) as IFRS.
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
IFRS requires component depreciation. Under U.S. GAAP, component
depreciation is permitted but is rarely used.

Under IFRS, companies can use either the historical cost model or the
revaluation model. U.S. GAAP does not permit revaluations of property,
plant, and equipment or mineral resources.

In testing for impairments of long-lived assets, U.S. GAAP uses a twostep model to test for impairments. The IFRS impairment test is stricter.
However, unlike U.S. GAAP, reversals of impairment losses are
permitted.
The general rules for revaluation accounting are as follows.
1. When a company revalues its long-lived tangible assets above
historical cost, it reports an unrealized gain that increases other
comprehensive income. Thus, the unrealized gain bypasses net
income, increases other comprehensive income, and increases
accumulated other comprehensive income.
2. If a company experiences a loss on impairment (decrease of
value below historical cost), the loss reduces income and
retained earnings. Thus, gains on revaluation increase equity
but not net income, whereas losses decrease income and
retained earnings (and therefore equity).
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LO 9 Explain revaluation accounting procedures.
3. If a revaluation increase reverses a decrease that was
previously reported as an impairment loss, a company credits
the revaluation increase to income using the account Recovery
of Impairment Loss up to the amount of the prior loss. Any
additional valuation increase above historical cost increases
other comprehensive income and is credited to Unrealized Gain
on Revaluation.
4. If a revaluation decrease reverses an increase that was
reported as an unrealized gain, a company first reduces other
comprehensive income by eliminating the unrealized gain. Any
additional valuation decrease reduces net income and is
reported as a loss on impairment.
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LO 9 Explain revaluation accounting procedures.
Revaluation of Land
Revaluation—2010: Valuation Increase
Illustration: Unilever Group (GBR and NLD) purchased land on
January 1, 2010, that cost €400,000. Unilever decides to report the
land at fair value in subsequent periods. At December 31, 2010, an
appraisal of the land indicates that its fair value is €520,000. Unilever
makes the following entry to record the increase in fair value.
Land
120,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Land
120,000
Illustration 11A-1
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LO 9
Revaluation of Land
Revaluation—2011: Decrease below Cost
Illustration: What happens if the land’s fair value at December 31,
2011, is €380,000, a decrease of €140,000 (€520,000 – €380,000)?
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Land
120,000
Loss on Impairment
20,000
Land
140,000
Illustration 11A-2
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LO 9
Revaluation of Land
Revaluation—2012: Recovery of Loss
Illustration: At December 31, 2012, Unilever’s land value increases
to €415,000, an increase of €35,000 (€415,000 – €380,000).
Land
35,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Land
15,000
Recovery of Impairment Loss
20,000
Illustration 11A-3
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LO 9
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